RABINOWITZ et al. v. KENNEDY, ATTORNEY GENERAL, 376 U.S. 605 (1964)
- Argued:
- March 02, 1964
- Decided:
- March 30, 1964
- Decided by:
- Warren Court, 1963
- Action:
- Affirmed (includes modified). Petitioning party did not receive a favorable disposition.
See Opinion tab for full case information.
Majority Opinion
John Harlan (1955-71) Hugo Black William Douglas Potter Stewart William Brennan Byron White Earl Warren Tom Clark Arthur Goldberg
Concurring Opinion
No opinions found
Dissenting Opinion
No opinions found
RABINOWITZ ET AL.
v.
KENNEDY, ATTORNEY GENERAL.
Supreme Court of United States.
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT.
David Rein argued the cause and filed briefs for petitioners.
Stephen J. Pollak argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Solicitor General Cox, Assistant Attorney General Yeagley, George B. Searls and Doris H. Spangenburg.
MR. JUSTICE GOLDBERG delivered the opinion of the Court.
Petitioners, attorneys engaged in the general practice of law, instituted this declaratory judgment action, 28 *606 U. S. C. § 2201, against respondent, the Attorney General of the United States, in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The complaint alleged that petitioners had been:
“retained by the Government of the Republic of Cuba to represent in the United States the Republic of Cuba and its governmental agencies in legal matters, including litigation, involving the mercantile and financial interests of the Republic of Cuba. . . . The retainer does not cover advice or representation involving public relations, propaganda, lobbying, or political or other non-legal matters, nor have the plaintiffs advised, represented, or acted on behalf of the Republic of Cuba in any such matters.”
The complaint alleged further that respondent had “demanded that [petitioners] . . . register with the Attorney General under the provisions of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended.” The relief sought by petitioners included a “judgment declaring that their activities as legal representatives for the Republic of Cuba do not subject them to the requirements of registration under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended . . . .” 52 Stat. 631, as amended, 22 U. S. C. § 611.
That Act requires the registration of “any person who acts or agrees to act . . . as . . . a public-relations counsel, publicity agent, information-service employee, servant, agent, representative, or attorney for a foreign principal. . . .” “Foreign principal” includes “a government of a foreign country and a foreign political party,” as well as “a partnership, association, corporation, organization, or other combination of individuals organized under the laws of, or having its principal place of business in, a foreign country . . . .” The Act exempts from registration any “person engaging or agreeing to engage only *607 in private and nonpolitical financial or mercantile activities in furtherance of the bona fide trade or commerce of such foreign principal . . . .”
Respondent moved for judgment on the pleadings. The District Court denied the motion, but at the request of respondent and with the consent of petitioner, the court certified to the Court of Appeals the “controlling question of law, as to whether individuals requested to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, may have their rights adjudicated by a declaratory judgment suit . . . .”
The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, noting that petitioners did not challenge the constitutionality of the Foreign Agents Registration Act, held, with one judge dissenting, that the doctrine of sovereign immunity required that the case be dismissed “as an unconsented suit against the United States.” 115 U. S. App. D. C. 210, 212, 318 F. 2d 181, 183. We granted certiorari, 375 U. S. 811.
We hold, for the reasons stated below, that the Foreign Agents Registration Act plainly and unquestionably requires petitioners to register. Since we conclude that the Court of Appeals was correct in ordering the case dismissed, but for reasons other than those relied upon in its opinion, we do not pass upon the reasoning by which that court arrived at its decision, nor do we have occasion to consider the scope of the declaratory judgment remedy or the sovereign immunity doctrine.[1]
*608 The Foreign Agents Registration Act was first enacted by Congress on June 8, 1938. It required agents of foreign principals to register with the Secretary of State. “[A]gent of a foreign principal” was defined as “any person who acts or engages or agrees to act as a public-relations counsel, publicity agent, or as agent, servant, representative, or attorney for a foreign principal . . . .” 52 Stat. 631, 632. (Emphasis added.) “Foreign principal” was defined as “the government of a foreign country, a political party of a foreign country, a person domiciled abroad, or any foreign business, partnership, association, corporation, or political organization . . . .” Exempted from the definition of “agent of a foreign principal” was “a person, other than a public-relations counsel, or publicity agent, performing only private, non-political, financial, mercantile, or other activities in furtherance of the bona fide trade or commerce of such foreign principal.” 52 Stat. 631, 632. (Emphasis added.) In 1961, the exemption section was amended to apply to persons “engaging or agreeing to engage only in private and nonpolitical financial or mercantile activities in furtherance of the bona fide trade or commerce of such foreign principal. . . .”[2] (Emphasis added.) 75 Stat. 784. The Senate and House Reports accompanying this amendment state its purpose as follows:
“The so-called commercial exemption has proved to be ambiguous. During hearings held on H. R. 6817 in the 86th Congress, a bill identical to H. R. 470, a representative of the Department of Justice testified that the language contained in the exemption has led to confusion and unnecessarily difficult *609 problems in the administration of the law. Argument has been made that if an agent of a foreign principal meets any one of the above-quoted conditions, as distinguished from meeting several or all of the requirements, it need not register. As rewritten, the section with its proposed changes and sentence structure makes it clear that for an agent to qualify for exemption from the obligation of registering, it must be engaged in activities which meet either of two sets of three requirements. They must be private and nonpolitical and financial, or private and nonpolitical and mercantile. If any one of these characteristics is lacking, the agent cannot qualify for exemption and therefore must register under the act.” (Emphasis added.) S. Rep. No. 1061, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 2.
See also H. R. Rep. No. 246, 87th Cong., 1st Sess.
Petitioners here are attorneys who have been retained “to represent in the United States the Republic of Cuba and its governmental agencies in legal matters, including litigation . . . .” As an example of their “activities” pursuant to this retainer, petitioners cite their appearance before this Court in the recently decided case of Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, ante, at 398.
Although the work of a lawyer in litigating for a foreign government might be regarded as “private and nonpolitical” activity, it cannot properly be characterized as only “financial or mercantile” activity. It is clear from the statute and its history that “financial or mercantile” activity was intended to describe conduct of the ordinary private commercial character usually associated with those terms. See, e. g., S. Rep. No. 1783, 75th Cong., 3d Sess. Furthermore, although the interest of a government in litigation might be labeled “financial or mercantile,” it cannot be deemed only “private and nonpolitical.” *610 Since an attorney may not qualify for exemption “[i]f any one of these characteristics is lacking,” it would be impossible to conclude, under any construction of the statute, that petitioners are engaging “only in private and nonpolitical financial or mercantile activities.”
We conclude, therefore, that petitioners, attorneys representing a foreign government in legal matters including litigation, are not exempt from registering under the Foreign Agents Registration Act.
In support of their case, petitioners also claim that if they register they would be required in completing the registration forms to “make public disclosure not only of their relation with their foreign principal, but of numerous private, personal and business affairs unconnected with their representation of the Republic of Cuba.” In concluding that petitioners must register, we do not suggest that they may be required to answer all the questions in the registration forms. The Government says that some of the questions are “clearly inapplicable” to petitioners, that others may satisfactorily be answered in conclusory language, and that others, while “framed in general terms,” may satisfactorily be answered by disclosing only those facts which “bear a reasonable relationship to the representation of the foreign principal.” Under the rules established by the Department of Justice and printed on the forms themselves:
“If compliance with any requirement of the form appears in any particular case to be inappropriate or unduly burdensome, the Registrant may apply for a complete or partial waiver of the requirement.”
Compare, 28 CFR § 5.201. Since petitioners have made no attempt to determine which questions must be answered and how much information disclosed, this issue is not ripe for adjudication. See, e. g., Eccles v. Peoples *611 Bank, 333 U. S. 426. See generally, Davis, Ripeness of Governmental Action for Judicial Review (pts. 1-2). 68 Harv. L. Rev. 1122, 1326 (1955).
For these reasons, petitioners’ complaint should be dismissed, and, accordingly, the judgment of the Court of Appeals ordering dismissal of the complaint is affirmed.
It is so ordered.
NOTES
[1] See, e. g., Borchard, Declaratory Judgments (2d ed., 1941); Borchard, Challenging “Penal” Statutes by Declaratory Action, 52 Yale L. J. 445 (1943); Davis, Sovereign Immunity in Suits Against Officers for Relief Other than Damages, 40 Cornell L. Q. 3 (1954); Davis, Suing the Government by Suing an Officer, 29 U. of Chi. L. Rev. 435 (1962); Jaffe, Suits Against Governments and Officers: Sovereign Immunity, 77 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1963).
[2] This section had previously been amended in 1942 to cover any person “engaging or agreeing to engage only in private, nonpolitical, financial, mercantile, or other activities in furtherance of the bona fide trade or commerce of such foreign principal . . . .” 56 Stat. 254.
DEP’T OF HOMELAND SEC. v. MACLEAN, (2015)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., ATTORNEY GENERAL, et al. v. HUMANITARIAN LAW PROJECT et al., 561 U.S. 1 (2010)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
CARLUCCI, FRANK C., SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, et al. v. DOE, JOHN, 488 U.S. 93 (1988)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
WEBSTER, DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE v. DOE, 486 U.S. 592 (1988)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY v. EGAN, 484 U.S. 518 (1988)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
REGAN, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, et al. v. WALD et al., 468 U.S. 222 (1984)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
HAIG, SECRETARY OF STATE v. AGEE, 453 U.S. 280 (1981)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
EASTLAND et al. v. UNITED STATES SERVICEMEN’S FUND et al., 421 U.S. 491 (1975)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIANA et al. v. WHITCOMB, GOVERNOR OF INDIANA, et al., 414 U.S. 441 (1974)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
KLEINDIENST, ATTORNEY GENERAL, et al. v. MANDEL et al., 408 U.S. 753 (1972)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY et al. v. GILLIGAN, GOVERNOR OF OHIO, et al., 406 U.S. 583 (1972)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
COLE, STATE HOSPITAL SUPERINTENDENT, et al. v. RICHARDSON, 405 U.S. 676 (1972)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
CONNELL v. HIGGINBOTHAM et al., 403 U.S. 207 (1971)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
BAIRD v. STATE BAR OF ARIZONA, 401 U.S. 1 (1971)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
In re STOLAR, 401 U.S. 23 (1971)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
LAW STUDENTS CIVIL RIGHTS RESEARCH COUNCIL, INC., et al. v. WADMOND et al., 401 U.S. 154 (1971)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
COLE, BOSTON STATE HOSPITAL SUPERINTENDENT, et al. v. RICHARDSON, 397 U.S. 238 (1970)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
BRYSON v. UNITED STATES, 396 U.S. 64 (1969)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SCHNEIDER v. SMITH, COMMANDANT, UNITED STATES COAST GUARD, 390 U.S. 17 (1968)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
UNITED STATES v. ROBEL, 389 U.S. 258 (1967)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
WHITEHILL v. ELKINS, PRESIDENT, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, et al., 389 U.S. 54 (1967)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
DOMBROWSKI et al. v. EASTLAND et al., 387 U.S. 82 (1967)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
KEYISHIAN et al. v. BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK et al., 385 U.S. 589 (1967)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
UNITED STATES v. LAUB et al., 385 U.S. 475 (1967)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
TRAVIS v. UNITED STATES, 385 U.S. 491 (1967)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
DENNIS ET AL. v. UNITED STATES, 384 U.S. 855 (1966)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
GOJACK v. UNITED STATES, 384 U.S. 702 (1966)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
ELFBRANDT v. RUSSELL et al., 384 U.S. 11 (1966)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
DEGREGORY v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 383 U.S. 825 (1966)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
ALBERTSON et al. v. SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES CONTROL BOARD, 382 U.S. 70 (1965)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
UNITED STATES v. BROWN, 381 U.S. 437 (1965)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
ZEMEL v. RUSK, SECRETARY OF STATE, et al., 381 U.S. 1 (1965)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR PROTECTION OF FOREIGN BORN v. SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES CONTROL BOARD, 380 U.S. 503 (1965)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
VETERANS OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN BRIGADE v. SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES CONTROL BOARD, 380 U.S. 513 (1965)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
STANFORD v. TEXAS, 379 U.S. 476 (1965)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
APTHEKER et al. v. SECRETARY OF STATE, 378 U.S. 500 (1964)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
BAGGETT et al. v. BULLITT et al., 377 U.S. 360 (1964)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
KREZNAR et al. v. UNITED STATES., 376 U.S. 221 (1964)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
GREENE v. UNITED STATES, 376 U.S. 149 (1964)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
YELLIN v. UNITED STATES, 374 U.S. 109 (1963)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
WHEELDIN et al. v. WHEELER, 373 U.S. 647 (1963)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
GIBSON v. FLORIDA LEGISLATIVE INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE, 372 U.S. 539 (1963)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SILBER v. UNITED STATES, 370 U.S. 717 (1962)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
HARTMAN v. UNITED STATES, 370 U.S. 724 (1962)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
GRUMMAN v. UNITED STATES, 370 U.S. 288 (1962)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
RUSSELL v. UNITED STATES, 369 U.S. 749 (1962)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
NOSTRAND et al. v. LITTLE et al., 368 U.S. 436 (1962)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
KILLIAN v. UNITED STATES, 368 U.S. 231 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
CRAMP v. BOARD OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION OF ORANGE COUNTY, 368 U.S. 278 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
CAFETERIA & RESTAURANT WORKERS UNION, LOCAL 473, AFL-CIO, et al. v. MCELROY et al., 367 U.S. 886 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
COMMUNIST PARTY, U. S. A., et al. v. CATHERWOOD, INDUSTRIAL COMMISSIONER, 367 U.S. 389 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
DEUTCH v. UNITED STATES, 367 U.S. 456 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES v. SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES CONTROL BOARD, 367 U.S. 1 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SCALES v. UNITED STATES, 367 U.S. 203 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
NOTO v. UNITED STATES, 367 U.S. 290 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SLAGLE et al. v. OHIO, 366 U.S. 259 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
KONIGSBERG v. STATE BAR OF CALIFORNIA et al., 366 U.S. 36 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
In re ANASTAPLO, 366 U.S. 82 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
WILKINSON v. UNITED STATES, 365 U.S. 399 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
BRADEN v. UNITED STATES, 365 U.S. 431 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
TRAVIS v. UNITED STATES, 364 U.S. 631 (1961)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SHELTON et al. v. TUCKER et al., 364 U.S. 479 (1960)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
MCPHAUL v. UNITED STATES, 364 U.S. 372 (1960)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
UPHAUS v. WYMAN, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 364 U.S. 388 (1960)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
FLEMMING, SECRETARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, v. NESTOR, 363 U.S. 603 (1960)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
NOSTRAND et al. v. LITTLE et al., 362 U.S. 474 (1960)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
NELSON et al. v. COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES et al., 362 U.S. 1 (1960)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
GREENE v. MCELROY et al., 360 U.S. 474 (1959)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
TAYLOR v. MCELROY et al., 360 U.S. 709 (1959)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
RALEY et al. v. OHIO, 360 U.S. 423 (1959)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
UPHAUS v. WYMAN, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 360 U.S. 72 (1959)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
BARENBLATT v. UNITED STATES, 360 U.S. 109 (1959)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
VITARELLI v. SEATON, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, et al., 359 U.S. 535 (1959)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SCULL v. VIRGINIA ex rel. COMMITTEE ON LAW REFORM AND RACIAL ACTIVITIES, 359 U.S. 344 (1959)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
FLAXER v. UNITED STATES, 358 U.S. 147 (1958)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
BEILAN v. BOARD OF PUBLIC EDUCATION, SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PHILADELPHIA, 357 U.S. 399 (1958)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
LERNER v. CASEY et al., CONSTITUTING THE NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY, 357 U.S. 468 (1958)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SPEISER v. RANDALL, ASSESSOR OF CONTRA COSTA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, 357 U.S. 513 (1958)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
FIRST UNITARIAN CHURCH OF LOS ANGELES v. COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES et al., 357 U.S. 545 (1958)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
FIRST METHODIST CHURCH OF SAN LEANDRO et al. v. HORSTMANN, ASSESSOR OF ALAMEDA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, et al., 357 U.S. 568 (1958)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
KENT et al. v. DULLES, SECRETARY OF STATE, 357 U.S. 116 (1958)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
DAYTON v. DULLES, SECRETARY OF STATE, 357 U.S. 144 (1958)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SACHER v. UNITED STATES, 356 U.S. 576 (1958)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
ROWOLDT v. PERFETTO, ACTING OFFICER IN CHARGE, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, 355 U.S. 115 (1957)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
WATKINS v. UNITED STATES, 354 U.S. 178 (1957)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SWEEZY v. NEW HAMPSHIRE, BY WYMAN, ATTORNEY GENERAL, 354 U.S. 234 (1957)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
YATES et al. v. UNITED STATES, 354 U.S. 298 (1957)
- Lower Court Ruling:
- Overruled (in part)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SERVICE v. DULLES et al., 354 U.S. 363 (1957)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
COLE v. YOUNG et al., 351 U.S. 536 (1956)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES v. SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES CONTROL BOARD, 351 U.S. 115 (1956)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SLOCHOWER v. BOARD OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF NEW YORK CITY, 350 U.S. 551 (1956)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
PENNSYLVANIA v. NELSON, 350 U.S. 497 (1956)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
PETERS v. HOBBY et al., 349 U.S. 331 (1955)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
BARSKY v. BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, 347 U.S. 442 (1954)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
LINEHAN et al. v. WATERFRONT COMMISSION OF NEW YORK HARBOR et al., 347 U.S. 439 (1954)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD v. DANT ET AL., DOING BUSINESS AS DANT & RUSSELL, LTD., 344 U.S. 375 (1953)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
WIEMAN et al. v. UPDEGRAFF et al., 344 U.S. 183 (1952)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
CARLSON ET AL. v. LANDON, DISTRICT DIRECTOR OF IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, 342 U.S. 524 (1952)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
HARISIADES v. SHAUGHNESSY, DISTRICT DIRECTOR OF IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION, 342 U.S. 580 (1952)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
ADLER ET AL. v. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, 342 U.S. 485 (1952)
- Lower Court Ruling:
- Overruled
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
DENNIS ET AL. v. UNITED STATES, 341 U.S. 494 (1951)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
GARNER ET AL. v. BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS OF LOS ANGELES ET AL., 341 U.S. 716 (1951)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD v. HIGHLAND PARK MANUFACTURING CO., 341 U.S. 322 (1951)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
JOINT ANTI-FASCIST REFUGEE COMMITTEE v. McGRATH, ATTORNEY GENERAL, ET AL., 341 U.S. 123 (1951)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
GERENDE v. BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF ELECTIONS OF BALTIMORE, 341 U.S. 56 (1951)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
OSMAN ET AL. v. DOUDS, REGIONAL DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, 339 U.S. 846 (1950)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
AMERICAN COMMUNICATIONS ASSN., C. I. O., ET AL. v. DOUDS, REGIONAL DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, 339 U.S. 382 (1950)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
UNITED STATES EX REL. KNAUFF v. SHAUGHNESSY, ACTING DISTRICT DIRECTOR OF IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION, 338 U.S. 537 (1950)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
HERNDON v. LOWRY, SHERIFF, 301 U.S. 242 (1937)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
DE JONGE v. OREGON, 299 U.S. 353 (1937)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
PIERCE et al. v. UNITED STATES, 252 U.S. 239 (1920)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SCHAEFER v. UNITED STATES, 251 U.S. 466 (1920)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
ABRAMS et al. v. UNITED STATES, 250 U.S. 616 (1919)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
FROHWERK v. UNITED STATES, 249 U.S. 204 (1919)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
DEBS v. UNITED STATES, 249 U.S. 211 (1919)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SUGARMAN v. UNITED STATES, 249 U.S. 182 (1919)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
SCHENCK v. UNITED STATES, 249 U.S. 47 (1919)
- Related Sub-Topic:
- Loyalty and Security
Topics: Freedom of Speech & Expression, Loyalty and Security
Cite this page: APA Bluebook Chicago MLA
This library is a work in progress. See an error on this page? Let us know.
Follow FIRE